Kathy K. Cummins, M.Ed.. Pre-Referral Intervention Manual-Fourth Edition. Columbia, Hawthorne Educational services, 1988.

The Pre-Referral Intervention Manual (PRIM), 4th Edition, by Stephen B. McCarney and Kathy Cummins Wunderlich, is a 687-page guide published by Hawthorne Educational Services. It provides over 4,000 actionable intervention strategies targeting 250 common classroom academic and behavioral challenges. Designed for general education teachers, RTI/MTSS frameworks, and Student Assistance Teams, the manual helps educators implement pre-referral modifications to support student success in mainstream classrooms before pursuing formal special education evaluations.